PHYSICS (20 Units)
Class 11

Physics and Measurement: units of measurement, SI units, fundamental and derived units, dimensions and their applications, errors, significant figures

Kinematics: frame of reference, motion in a straight line, speed and velocity, graphs, relative velocity, vectors, projectile motion, uniform circular motion

Laws of Motion: Newton’s three laws, momentum, impulse, equilibrium, friction (static and kinetic), banking of roads, centripetal force

Work, Energy and Power: work-energy theorem, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy, power, elastic and inelastic collisions

Rotational Motion: centre of mass, torque, angular momentum and conservation, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, rolling motion, equilibrium of rigid bodies

Gravitation: universal law, acceleration due to gravity (variation with height and depth), gravitational potential and field, escape velocity, orbital velocity, Kepler’s laws, satellites

Properties of Solids and Liquids: elasticity, stress-strain, Hooke’s law, moduli; pressure, Pascal’s law, buoyancy, viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Bernoulli’s principle, surface tension, capillarity; thermal expansion, specific heat, calorimetry, latent heat, heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation), Newton’s law of cooling

Thermodynamics: thermal equilibrium, zeroth law, first law, isothermal and adiabatic processes, second law, Carnot engine, heat engines and refrigerators

Kinetic Theory of Gases: equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, kinetic theory, RMS speed, degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy, mean free path, Avogadro’s number

Oscillations and Waves: periodic motion, SHM and its equation, spring-mass system, simple pendulum, energy in SHM, free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance; wave motion, speed of a wave, superposition, standing waves, beats, Doppler effectClass 12

Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law, electric field and field lines, dipole, Gauss’s law and applications, electric potential, equipotential surfaces, conductors and insulators, dielectrics, capacitors, series and parallel combination, energy stored

Current Electricity: Ohm’s law, drift velocity, resistivity, temperature dependence, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, potentiometer, electrical power and energy

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism: Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, force on moving charge, cyclotron, force on current-carrying conductor, torque on a loop, galvanometer, bar magnet, magnetic properties of materials (para, dia, ferro), Earth’s magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents: Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, self and mutual inductance, AC voltage, LCR circuit, resonance, power in AC, transformer, AC generator

Electromagnetic Waves: displacement current, characteristics, electromagnetic spectrum, applications

Optics: reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, lenses and mirrors, lens maker’s formula, prism, optical instruments (microscope, telescope), wave optics, Huygens’ principle, interference (Young’s double slit), diffraction, polarisation, Brewster’s law

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation: photoelectric effect, Einstein’s equation, de Broglie wavelength, Davisson-Germer experiment

Atoms and Nuclei: Rutherford and Bohr models, hydrogen spectrum, nuclear size, mass-energy relation, binding energy, radioactivity, half-life, fission and fusion

Electronic Devices: semiconductors, p-n junction, diode as rectifier, Zener diode, LED, photodiode, solar cell, transistor, logic gates

Experimental Skills: Vernier calipers, screw gauge, simple pendulum, Young’s modulus, surface tension, viscosity, specific heat, resistance (metre bridge), Ohm’s law, focal length of mirrors and lenses, refractive index, characteristic of p-n junction
Physical Chemistry

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry: matter and its nature, Dalton’s theory, mole concept, atomic and molecular masses, laws of chemical combination, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, stoichiometry, limiting reagent

Atomic Structure: Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr models, hydrogen spectrum, dual nature, de Broglie, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, orbitals, Aufbau, Pauli, Hund, electronic configuration

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: ionic and covalent bonds, lattice enthalpy, VSEPR, hybridisation, valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory, bond order, hydrogen bonding, dipole moment

Chemical Thermodynamics: system and surroundings, first law, enthalpy, Hess’s law, enthalpies of formation, combustion and others, entropy, Gibbs energy, spontaneity

Solutions: concentration terms, Raoult’s law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, colligative properties, van’t Hoff factor, abnormal molar mass

Equilibrium: chemical equilibrium, Kc and Kp, Le Chatelier’s principle, ionic equilibrium, pH, buffers, Ksp, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry: oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, electrochemical cells, electrode potential, Nernst equation, conductance, Kohlrausch’s law, electrolysis, Faraday’s laws, batteries

Chemical Kinetics: rate of reaction, rate law, order and molecularity, integrated rate equations, half-life, Arrhenius equation, collision theoryInorganic Chemistry

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties: modern periodic law, periodic trends (atomic radius, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity), valency

p-Block Elements (Groups 13 to 18): general introduction, electronic configuration, trends in properties; important compounds of boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, halogens and noble gases

d- and f-Block Elements: transition elements, electronic configuration, oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties, catalytic behaviour, K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄, lanthanides and actinides (lanthanoid contraction)

Coordination Compounds: Werner’s theory, ligands, nomenclature, isomerism, valence bond theory, crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties, importanceOrganic Chemistry

Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds: crystallisation, sublimation, distillation, chromatography; qualitative and quantitative analysis (Lassaigne’s test, Dumas, Kjeldahl)

Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry: classification, IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism, electronic effects (inductive, resonance, hyperconjugation), reactive intermediates, types of organic reactions

Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons; preparation, properties, electrophilic substitution in benzene, addition reactions, Markovnikov rule

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens: haloalkanes and haloarenes, nature of C-X bond, SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, optical activity and stereochemistry

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen: alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids; preparation, properties, uses, named reactions

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen: amines (classification, basicity, reactions), diazonium salts

Biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids, enzymes (basic ideas)

Principles Related to Practical Chemistry: detection of elements, functional group tests, salt analysis (basic), titrations, preparation of simple compounds
Class 11

Diversity in the Living World: the living world, biological classification (five kingdoms, viruses, lichens), plant kingdom (algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms), animal kingdom (classification up to phyla and classes)

Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants: morphology of flowering plants (root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed), anatomy of flowering plants (tissues, secondary growth), animal tissues, cockroach (morphology and anatomy)

Cell Structure and Function: cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell organelles, biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes), cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis

Plant Physiology: transport in plants (water, minerals, phloem transport), mineral nutrition, photosynthesis (light reactions, Calvin cycle, C3 and C4), respiration in plants, plant growth and development (hormones, photoperiodism, vernalisation)

Human Physiology: digestion and absorption, breathing and exchange of gases, body fluids and circulation, excretory products and their elimination, locomotion and movement, neural control and coordination, chemical coordination and integrationClass 12

Reproduction: sexual reproduction in flowering plants (pollination, double fertilisation, seed and fruit development, apomixis), human reproduction (male and female systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, implantation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation), reproductive health (contraception, STDs, infertility, ART)

Genetics and Evolution: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal theory, linkage, sex determination, pedigree analysis, genetic disorders, molecular basis of inheritance (DNA structure, replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene regulation, lac operon, DNA fingerprinting, Human Genome Project), evolution (origin of life, Darwin’s theory, Hardy-Weinberg principle, human evolution)

Biology and Human Welfare: human health and disease (pathogens, immunity, vaccination, cancer, HIV/AIDS, drug and alcohol abuse), microbes in human welfare (food processing, industrial products, sewage treatment, biogas, biocontrol, biofertilisers)

Biotechnology and Its Applications: principles and processes (recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes, vectors, PCR, gel electrophoresis), applications (GM crops, Bt cotton, gene therapy, transgenic animals, biosafety, biopiracy)

Ecology and Environment: organisms and populations (adaptations, population attributes, interactions), ecosystem (energy flow, food chain, productivity, ecological pyramids, nutrient cycling, ecological succession), biodiversity and conservation (biodiversity patterns, loss, hotspots, protected areas)